In modern times, the purpose of a cupola is threefold. Most importantly for ventilation, to let in the fresh air. Secondly, for natural lighting. And simply for curb appeal.
Roof cupolas at one time were crucial for survival. By letting in plenty of breathable fresh air, livestock lived longer and was healthier, but also to keep hay dry. Moldy hay can make animals sick. And the natural light was helpful for people and horses to move around without the need for a lantern.
In Medieval times, cupolas had a bell and light. Sentries stood as lookouts in cupolas and would ring the bell or light a fire as a warning in case of invasion by enemies. Legend has it that wives would use it a widow’s walk to keep watch for husbands coming home from war.
Having a weathervane on the spire helps farmers to know the direction of the wind. The design of the cupola and weathervane once upon a time was specific to each ruling family, like a family crest.
In Latin, cupola means “small upside-down cup.” In Italian, it means “little dome.” Roof cupolas can come in many different shapes and sizes and colors; and can be made of different materials such as bronze, iron, wood, copper, vinyl and siding.